Macbeth Is A Tragic Hero, Who Was Overly Ambitious And

Macbeth is a tragic hero, who was overly ambitious and self righteous. Throughout the story, Macbeth’s character constantly changes, but one thing that stays consistent through all of this was one word: blood. Macbeth is blood thirsty and will do anything to achieve his goal. Unfortunately, it just so happened that it involves a lot of blood to achieve it. William Shakespeare portrays Macbeth as someone willing to kill for what he wants, blood soaks almost every line of the play because of Macbeth’s selfish lust to become king. Blood symbolizes Macbeth’s guilt throughout the story. After killing Duncan, Macbeth’s guilt registers and begins to grow as well as the importance of blood. â€Å"Will all great Neptune’s ocean wash this blood clean†¦show more content†¦Because of all the murdering Macbeth is doing, blood is everywhere and may even be considered normal. Macbeth is slowly developing into a murderer and there is no turning back for him. â€Å"I am in blood stepp’d in so far that, should I wade no more, returning were as tedious as go o’er† (3.4.136-138). Macbeth is doing so much damage and decides that there is no salvation or taking back what he has done. Little does he know, this is the beginning of the end for him. Macbeth realizes that ever since he killed Duncan, more blood has been following, turning it into a blood massacre. â€Å"It will have blood, they say: blood will have blood† (3.4.122).Once blood has been shed, more blood will co me. Macbeth assumes that Banquo’s murder will be avenged with his own life. Blood is used to show all the murder and death that follows Macbeth. â€Å"Why did you bring these daggers from the place? They must lie there:go carry them, and and smear the sleepy grooms with blood† (2.2.49-51). Lady Macbeth tell Macbeth to smear blood on the guards to frame them as Duncan’s killers, but no matter what they do, the blood and guilt will follow them because they are the true murders. Murder is amplified by the motif of blood and it goes to show how Macbeth falls very quickly and becomes a tragic murderer. Blood’s symbolism seems to serve as an indicator of each character’s emotional progression. Macbeth, because of blood, evolves into a tragic hero.Show MoreRelatedThe Tragic Heroes Of The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald2344 Words   |  10 Pagesstory of one hero whose story is one filled with suffering, calamity and disaster eventually ends in death. The hero posses a hamartia which leads them to make fatal mistakes. Both Macbeth and Gatsby are portrayed as tragic heroes in their respected text. Both characters are similar due to their tragic flaws such as, downfalls being caused by their over ambition, they both become isolated and finally both characters suffer and meet their deaths in the bitter end. Firstly, Gatsby s ambitious tendenciesRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare2081 Words   |  9 Pagesntroduction Macbeth is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare which was first performed in 1606. It discusses the effects that political ambition has on those who seek power. The play begins with the presentation of three witches. Macbeth and Banquo would meet these witches that would then give them their prophecies. Following the witches’ prophecies, Macbeth becomes overly ambitious for power and takes part in the killing of King Duncan, Banquo, and Macduff’s wife and children. The play comes

Restricting the Production, Distribution, and Sale of...

Many women have been mistreated at one point or another in their lives. This form of abuse assumes many forms and is not always visible to the naked eye. One of these such hardships that women of the 20th century have had to face is the struggle for equality. In Canada, the Charter of Rights and Freedoms affords women full equality before and under law and equal protection and benefit of the law.1 But yet, this society openly contributions to the production, sale, and distribution of pornography which implies that women are second class citizens. Destroying these stereotypes which portray women as slaves, objects, toys, and mindless, sex-driven beings must be accomplished in order for women to attain true equality. The censorship†¦show more content†¦Proof of this claim can be seen in societys acceptance of the publication and distribution of pornography. One must remember that pornography is not objectionable simply because of its sexual contents, but rather becaus e of its portrayal of women. Unfortunately, in Canadian Law, pornography is not automatically considered obscene and is therefore deemed to be legal. It is important to note that the term pornography does not appear even once in the pages of the Criminal Code of Canada. Instead, the Criminal Code only refers to items which are obscene. In Canada, the ability of the federal government to legislate public morals through criminal law allows it only to censor material tending to corrupt morals.3 There is however, a definite correlation between pornography and obscenity as can be seen in section 159 (8) of the Criminal Code: ...And publication a dominant characteristics of which is the undue exploitation of sex, or of sex and any one or more of the following subjects, namely, crime, horror, cruelty, and violence, shall be deemed to be obscene.4 Since the Criminal Code offers no definition of the term pornography, it is important to establish one for the purposes of this argument. A working definition of pornography can be provided by Helen Longino, a legal expert and socialShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Pornography On The United States And Canada As Alcohol And Tylenol, But Should It Be?2000 Words   |  8 PagesPornogrophy is currently as legal in the United States and Canada as alcohol and tylenol, but should it be? Firstly, we must define what pornogrophy constitutes, as it can be seen as anything from a raunchy adult comedy to Penthouse Magazine. It seems as though many definitions of porogrophy use terms like that of â€Å"explicit† sex, but that is only a surface-level conclusion. Within Sociology, pornogrophy is defined, typically, in three ways: Functional, Genre, and Labelling. Functional definitionsRead MoreService Innovation in Hospitality Industry18482 Words   |  74 Pageswords, companies receive pro fits not when products are produced, but when products are bought by consumers. Therefore, Vargo and Lusch (2004) suggested the firm â€Å"set all decision variables at a level that enables it to maximize the profit from the sale of output†. In order to achieve at maximum profit, goods-based business strives to supply standardized and inventoriable goods. Goods-Dominant Logic regards customers as isolated entities (Vargo and Lusch, 2004). Value is solely produced by suppliersRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesmodernity is not just a teleological assumption. Moving may have been one of the elemental activities of our species, along with eating and reproducing, but mass movement was a new phenomenon—as was the related â€Å"massification† of reproduction, production, trade, and transportation, as well as communication, consumption, and culture. Mass migration is an integral part of these broader global processes that have shaped the modern world. Dating the shift is—like the periodization of any social process—aRead MoreGp Essay Mainpoints24643 Words   |  99 Pagesbroadcast pornography and violence on a daily basis; the former perhaps not at all. Demonstration of their belief that society at large is not fundamentally concerned with and interested in such material †¦ manifestation of the maturity of society at large (profit motive: will not publish content that is not of great interest to all swathes of society) †¢ Average child watches 8000 television murders by the time he reaches the age of 21 †¢ E.g. Ted Bundy: obsessed with pornography and went onRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesAyana Jones Senior Managing Editor: Judy Leale Production Project Manager: Becca Groves Senior Operations Supervisor: Arnold Vila Operations Specialist: Cathleen Petersen Senior Art Director: Janet Slowik Art Director: Kenny Beck Text and Cover Designer: Wanda Espana OB Poll Graphics: Electra Graphics Cover Art: honey comb and a bee working / Shutterstock / LilKar Sr. Media Project Manager, Editorial: Denise Vaughn Media Project Manager, Production: Lisa Rinaldi Full-Service Project Management:Read MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesMoines Area Community College Ankeny, IA John Wiley Sons, Inc. Associate Publisher Executive Editor Senior Editoral Assistant Marketing Manager Marketing Assistant Production Manager Senior Production Editor Freelance Development Editor Senior Designer Interior Design Senior Media Editor Senior Photo Editor Production Management Cover Design Cover Credit George Hoffman Lise Johnson Sarah Vernon Amy Scholz Laura Finley Dorothy Sinclair Sandra Dumas Susan McLaughlin Kevin Murphy Laura Ierardi

Analyze The Use Of Metrics in HR Functions EBITDA

Question: Write a paper in which you analyze how the use of metrics has transformed todays organizations, particularly the human resource department? Answer: Introduction This paper described the various aspects of metrics in HR function. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the use of metrics in HR function in the perspective of current organization. This paper enables to determine the value added term of firm process and metrics and concept of valued added working style that applied in the HR function. This paper covers the use of metrics, define value added term and their application in the HR function. Indeed, planning, staffing, job analysis, orientation, training development, performance appraisal, career planning, compensation, benefit, labor relations and record-keeping are the significant function of the HR. Further, metrics refer to measure of quantitative evaluation. Use of metrics has transformed organizations examples Indeed, metrics can relate to a firms EBITDA, income per share or other kinds of financial measures. Metrics is useful for measure of quantitative appraisal used for measurement, production, track performance and comparison. Sometimes HR metrics are missed by businessman who thinks that it is complicated to trade with them. But HR metrics can support uncover opportunity and challenges within the firm which allow you to understand which field you need to concentrate to improve your organization condition. Here are ten significant metrics that is useful in the perspective of human resource management that is described below: Cost per hire: This is very important metrics which used in human resource management. It tells us when we hired new worker that what is your actual cost to hire new staff or worker. (Richardson, 2012) Spice Jet Ltd airline Sector Company decided to use of metrics as control of cost per hire. If they hired low cost employee then they can get good profit through low expenses in the perspective of salary. Airline companies faced lot of competition in the perspective of hiring costs of employees. Revenue per staff: It explains that how much you earned from your employees which is hired by you in past. If organization earning is not sufficient as compare to investment cost in staff. Then, organization needs to evaluate the reason behind low earning or revenue. Absence rate: It is simplest metrics of HR that gives organization to look at just how many days your staffs are working that shows staff satisfaction rates. (Sullivan, 2004) Benefit cost: It explains benefit package costs for per staff. How you will motivate your staff that is calculated by these metrics. Organization will provide extra benefit to their employees. Then, employees will take interest in high productivity. Satisfaction: This is very important metrics for human resource management. It provides satisfaction to your employee. Satisfaction plays an important role in the human resource management perspective. HR provides satisfaction through their function in the organization. Turnover: This HR metrics give you a look that how many staff leaves your organization in the specific time. This metrics is very useful in the perspective of turnover. Tenure: This metrics helps you to show the average time amount that your staffs have been with the firms. (Sullivan, 2004) Turnover costs: HR metrics can surprise staffs and support you that how much it costs when you get lose as vacancy costs, new hiring costs, staff based on separation costs and new training costs. (Richardson, 2012) Worker compensation: it tells you the exact costs of worker comp per staff. It helps in manage HR function activity in the organization. Worker compensation must be flexible as per their working efforts if they produce good work then organization should pay high compensation. Time to fill: HR metrics support highlights the efficiency of human resource department and assess the time to fill a vacant position in your firm. (Richardson, 2012) Value added terms of organizational processes and metrics Indeed, a firm improves its product or service before offering to their customers. Value add is used to depict instance where the organization takes a product that believed a same product with few changes from their competitor and provides potential customers with greater sense of value. Values add can raise the product price and value. Example: When we bought a new computer from market then they offered one year free help on this product that would be a value added character. A single person can bring value add to service that they perform like as advanced financial displaying ability or skills to a position in when they hired managers may not imagined the desire for these kinds of skills. (Kennedy, Peters, Thomas, 2011) Moreover, it is sure ways to add value in the firm productivity by sales person is normally evaluated by number of units sold or contract level of clients. These quantities indicate a direct affect in organization income. The main challenges with information manage r (IM) is to showing the value added of his work. Values add will help to focus on a process or project improvement in the organization from start to finish through following points are revenue or cost result, stakeholder, information need and the impact. Further, HR professional are examined every day to adjust program or process that prove value add and affect to bottom line of the firm. Metrics provide corporate performance decision in various ways such as performance target, data source, specific definition, thresholds, and historical performance pattern and involves supporting documentation. These types of reporting can support executives idea of the HR function as business strategy partner. Workshop concentrating on the application of value added human resource evaluation in current costs business world. Organizations believe on business intelligence to analyze, monitor and report on their performance. Evaluations are requiring in the human resource to give HR professional the technique that they need to fulfill the demands of attracting knowledgeable workforce. Concept of value added can be applied to the HR function Indeed, the concept of valued added is very important for business. Business adds more value through lead higher revenue. Some organization charge more as compare to other kinds of business because it adds more value as compare to other organization. Example: if you take a flight from Delhi to Mumbai. Then, economy class airline will charge little high as compare to local class airline. Because of they add more value in its services. In spite of this, both flights classes are travelling in same distance and equal cost of fuel. These are several way to raise more value in value added that described below: Innovation of brand: Organization raises the product value through generating creative brand of product. Brand show quality and high status of the specific product. (Sullivan, 2004) Advertising: Advertising has potential to create strong brand loyalty within its customer. Advertising plays a significant role in the organization that increases the sales volume and profit margin. (Fernandes, 2013) Additional features: Organization includes the extra feature in the product or services to raise value of the product that is known as value adding. Toyota has twelve versions of its model. Providing better services: Organization providing better service quality to raise the value adds. Consumers are willing to pay high amount for the product if we provide high value in the product or services. (Sullivan, 2004) Planning, staffing, job analysis, orientation, training development, performance appraisal, career planning, compensation, benefit, labor relations and record-keeping are the important function of the HR. Value added mean raise the product costs and value. HR function and value added are interrelated because without good planning, training program we cant improve our product quality. So, it is applicable in the HR function. Conclusion On the basis above discussion, it can be concluded that clear use of metrics, concept of value added as well as high ability to adopt the new technology in HR function helps it to maintain its competitive position in the all over the world. References Fernandes, F., C., (2013). The Contribution of Technology to Added Value. USA: Springer Science Business Media. Kavanagh, M., J., Thite, M., Johnson, R., D., (2011). Human Resource Information Systems: Basics, Applications, and Future Directions. USA: SAGE Publications Inc. Kennedy, K., Peters, M., Thomas, M., (2011). How to Use Value-Added Analysis to Improve Student Learning: A Field Guide for School and District Leaders. USA: Corwin Press. Kokemuller, N., (2014). How Does HR Add Value To An Organization? Retrieved from: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/hr-add-value-organization-50980.html Lawler, E., (2012). Effective Human Resource Management: A Global Analysis. USA: Stanford University Press. Richardson, D., (2012). The 4 Most Useful HR Metrics For The Future. Retrieved from: https://info.profilesinternational.com/profiles-employee-assessment-blog/bid/111457/The-4-Most-Useful-HR-Metrics-for-the-Future Snair, S., (2009). The Complete Idiot's Guide to Power Words. USA: Penguin. Strayer, S., D., (2005). Vault Guide to Human Resources Careers. USA: Vault Inc. Sullivan, J., (2004). Rethinking Strategic HR. USA: CCH Incorporated. Sullivan, J., (2004). What Are The Best HR Metrics For A Large Organization? Retrieved from: https://www.ere.net/2004/07/26/what-are-the-best-hr-metrics-for-a-large-organization/

Marketing Plan for Maggie free essay sample

Promotions showcases which mode of promotion is most effective and how do consumers respond to various celebrity endorsements. Place focuses on efficiency of distribution network of Maggi Tomato Ketchup. We have also drawn out some inferences by applying various statistical tools like ‘SIGN TEST’. Towards the end we have suggested some recommendations as a group on how can we improve the marketing mix of the product. Nestle, which world knows as cautious and conservatory company is a Swiss originated 140 years old Multinational. The man at the helm is Swiss national Carlo Donati, an all inspiration and image of the company. His philosophy is ‘bottom line dictating top line’ based on delegation and decentralization. It resulted from a merger in 1905 between the Anglo-Swiss Milk Company for milk products established in 1866 by the Page Brothers in Cham, Switzerland and the Farine Lactee Henri Nestle Company set up in 1867 by Henri Nestle to provide an infant food product. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Plan for Maggie or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The first Nestle factory to begin production in the United States was opened in Fulton, Oswego County, New York. Nestle India Ltd. (NIL), the Indian subsidiary of the global FMCG major, Nestle SA, introduced the Maggi brand in India in 1982, with its launch of Maggi 2 Minute Noodles, an instant noodles product. Nestle India’s business objective and that of its management and employees is to manufacture and market the Company’s products in such a way as to create value that can be sustained over the long term for consumers, shareholders, employees, business partners and the national economy. The product mix of Nestle India consists of milk products and baby products (42. %), beverages (29. 3 %), processed foods (14. 4 %), chocolate and confectionary (13. 8 %).

American X essays

American X essays When driving home on Friday, after watching this movie, all I could think about was racism and how it is still a big problem in the United States and even the world. It made me so upset that people can be this ignorant and narrow-minded in this world today. Knowing that this issue will never go way I want to know research as much as I can to help victims of these careless crimes. Coming from a well diverse background, racism is not a stranger to me. Never experiencing it myself I knew that it was going on, but I had no idea what it lead to. The only knowledge of racism I know in depth comes from reading books and watching moves on the issue. I feel so angry with myself for being so naive on this subject. Not knowing how it fells mentally or physically I cannot relate to this movie. But I am so grateful that I have never had to experienced such violence and hateful act such as this. I had so many mixed emotions after watching this movie that I did not know how to feel. I have never been this angry in my life, knowing that this happens everyday sickens me and I feel discussed that people act and feel this way towards different. I do not know how some one can live with so much hate and anger as these characters live with. No one could benefit from this way of thinking. Racism and hatred always ends with pain and sorrow. This is were I think it all started was when their father educates Derek on Dr. Sweeny class and what kind of person he is. Then when his father dies fighting a fire in a predominately black neighborhood it sits Derek off and he starts to take what his father said in his own hands. Later he meets Cameron who seems to say all the right things at all the right moments in this very crucial time of his life. They both team up to make up a gang of young and naive misfits. The most disturbing and scariest scenes were the ones that encouraged the bonding of the skinheads. It terrified me to know that peopl ...

Amendments essays

Amendments essays Amendment 2: The second amendment gave the people the right to own an arm for protection of themselves and their country. Amendment 3 : The third amendment says that soldiers are not allowed to stay at a citizens residents without the owners consent. Amendment 4 : The fourth amendment says that no searches will be made of citizens possessions or personal effects without legal consent or without probable Amendment 5 : The fifth amendment says that anyone being charged of a crime does not have to incriminate his/herself through questioning. It also says that a defendant may not be charged twice for the same offense twice. Amendment 6 : The sixth amendment gives a defendant of a crime the right to a speedy trial ruled by an impartial jury in which the defendant must be forewarned of the charges brought against him and have the option of defense counsel. Amendment 7 : In a case of common law where the controversy in question is worth more than twenty dollars the right to a trial by jury is reserved. Amendment 8 : The eighth amendment says that excessive bail shall not be set for a lesser crime. It also states that cruel and/or unusual punishment will not be Amendment 9 : The ninth amendment says that rights described in the Constitution shall not deny other rights naturally given to the people. Amendment 10 : The tenth amendment says that rights not given to the United States by the Constitution shall be reserved to the people. Amendment 11 : The eleventh amendment says that the judicial power of the United States can not extend into a case against a state prosecuted by another state Amendment 12 : The twelfth amendment outlines the rules and regulations followed for the election of the president and vice president of the United States. Amendment 13 : The thirteenth amendment outlawed slavery and ga ...

The impact of October Crisis of Canada Research Paper

The impact of October Crisis of Canada - Research Paper Example All in all, the effects of this war had many negative implications for the people of Canada, and especially Quebec. This article reviews the impact of this in Canada and mainly Quebec. On 5thOctober 1970, James Cross, who was a British diplomat, was kidnapped in his residence at gun point. In a few hours the members of FLQ movement admitted to the abduction. They demanded for the release of their own members who were convicted for murder and violence. The justice minister of Quebec denied these demands. On the same day the Quebec minister of labor and immigration, Pierre Laporte, was kidnapped and later killed. This triggered the government to deploy the Canadian armed forces to assist the local police in manning Canada. They also declared the â€Å"apprehend insurrection† under the war measures act. The state of emergency declared a ban against the FLQ movement and detention without charges were authorized (Tetley, 2006). The Quebec nationalists started the FLQ movement in 1963 as measure to initiate a spirit of unity in Quebec. The Quebec people comprised of individuals who used French as their first language. This spirit of nationalism was historical from the time France had colonized the region of North America which is currently referred to as Quebec. In Quebec the majority of the people were French speakers as compared to their number in the rest of Canada. As a result, they viewed themselves as a secluded minority. This feeling to a large extent propelled this group to establish a movement that would sensitive to their democratic rights. For instance, their remuneration was lower than that of the British people. In the province of Quebec, the English Canadian earned 40% percent higher than all other ethnic groups (Monrue, 2009). This strengthened the desire to form an entity to fight for their survival as the government had failed to provide the same. This was the origin of this revolutionary m ovement (Tetley, 2006). The FLQ was started

Mabo Vs Queensland Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Mabo Vs Queensland - Essay Example As such, the successive governments had made no endeavour to establish a system of national land rights. This undesirable situation was rectified by the Australian High Court, which relied upon its constitutional authority to declare land rights (Keon-Cohen, 2000: 893). The decision in Mabo (No 1) in conjunction with international commitments to racial equality and the just terms protection under the Australian Constitution, and the national bill for compulsory acquisition of native title, engendered new property rights. The Mabo (No 2) decision provided various opportunities to the government to ensure land justice (Keon-Cohen, 2000: 893). However, these opportunities were squandered by the government. A political solution to this issue was made available in the federal, State, and Territory statutory schemes relating to land rights (Keon-Cohen, 2000: 893). However, these schemes have effectively distorted the judgement in Mabo (No 2); and served to distance it from the common law. The extant political solutions for this long standing national issue are irrational, and it is in this depressing environment that the High Court’s judgement proves to be welcome. Moreover, the legislative solutions, in respect of this predicament have proved to be defective; and there are serious administrative lapses in the implementation of the legislative solution (Keon-Cohen, 2000: 893). The scheme provides more opportunities to Crown grantees rather than the indigenous people; and makes no attempt to reconcile the differences between the affected parties. The Mabo decision served to rescind the principle of terra nullius. This doctrine enabled the Crown to appropriate property that was uninhabited. However, this principle was extended by the common law to apply to the lands of the indigenous peoples. This unjust act was sought to be justified by the falsely claiming that the Aboriginals were uncivilised barbarians, and that there was nothing amoral in

Dumping of Unsafe Products Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 30

Dumping of Unsafe Products - Case Study Example After the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) banned the painkiller dipyrone because it can cause a fatal blood disorder, Winthrop Products continued to sell dipyrone in Mexico City (Shaw et al., 2009, p.34). ‘Made in the USA: Dumped in Brazil, Africa, Ira’ seems to be the business philosophy followed by many of the American product manufacturers. In other words, Americans believe that they have the right to enjoy the benefits of the products they discovered or invented. At the same time, they believe that the harmful effects of these products should be suffered by the rest of the world rather than the Americans. The Holy Bible says that those who take the sword will be killed by the sword. However, Americans have changed this proverb as it is the duty of other innocent people to accept death even though the Americans have done the mistakes. It is ethically wrong to dump potentially hazardous products in third world countries. The producers of the hazardous products sh ould take the responsibility of dumping such products properly in their own country instead of cheating the innocent people in other countries. This paper briefly discusses the ethics or morality of dumping unsafe products in overseas countries by America. One of the reasons cited by Americans to justify the activity of dumping unsafe products in overseas countries is related to humanitarian considerations. â€Å"They say their motives are humanitarian. Because the rate of dying in childbirth is high in Third World countries, almost any birth control device is preferable to none† (Shaw et al., 2009, p.34). The above argument is totally unacceptable. The logic of providing dangerous items for saving the life of some people is indigestible, at least for non-Americans.

Effect of Weather on Construction Labour Productivity

Effect of Weather on Construction Labour Productivity Effect of Hot and Cold Weather on Construction Labour Productivity EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The research deals with the variation of labour productivity in extreme weather conditions in India. As we head more and more into the rural areas for construction the labourers are faced with unprecedented weather conditions as extreme cold and heat stress combined with other geographical factors. We compare the difference in productivity achieved in normal weather conditions with extreme cold locations as Kargil and hot regions as Ahmedabad. Further this is compared by the standards set by IS 7272 for ideal productivity. After studying the results recommendations are done specifically for domestic projects considering the situations prevailing in India and future weather uncertainties. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY An Industry ultimately thrives upon the physical input put in by the labourers and the construction industry is no exception, in fact the construction industry is one of the most labour dependent industries operating in India. It is the groundwork of the labourers, which ultimately runs this industry. Though lot of work has already been done to optimize labour productivity around the world, majority of the projects still stay behind schedule and are completed with cost and time overruns, though this might be due to multiple reasons but labour productivity still dominates the final output. With the increase in population the infrastructure and public wealth construction is being pushed more and more into the rural areas which are untouched in the last century. Thus are the studies, which prevailed in earlier times about the productivity, as these new regions put up new challenges of the working environment. Not much has been done to check the productivity changes in these regions, this often results in variation from the IS values which should be attained ideally. OBJECTIVES Our objective of this research is to study and outline the factors, which are, determinable in altering productivity outputs in adverse weather. To compare the factors stated in IS 7272 with actual ground data for productivity achieved on construction site and suggest methods to counter. This would further transform into meeting project milestones in time. SCOPE OF WORK The research work is based on actual site data collected from different construction sites in India. It aims to study the variations observed if any from the standards in the IS 7272 for labour productivity and the reasons leading to these changes. It covers both extremes of the temperature in its study hot and cold regions, finally suggesting the measures to be taken to optimize labour output in extreme weather conditions. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The methodology adopted to prepare this report ranged from reviewing work previously done in these areas of labour productivity along with site visits and collection of data. We reviewed papers from journals and tried to draw a few conclusions by correlating the studies and common factors in the research papers. Data collection was done by visiting sites of projects under progress across India. For the sake of comparison with other site data to keep maximum parameters same we worked on productivity for the activities which were common to both the sites. Data was collected over different periods of duration with respect to every project and analysed for their productivity calculations. These calculations were further compared with the standards set by the IS 7272. Further we attempt to outline the factors which may be the probable cause for the deviation and suggest remedial measures to counter them. LIMITATION OF STUDY Since the data was collected from sites in India and the observations made were from Indian gang of labourers, the results and study are limited to Indian subcontinent. Also ideally for comparison there should be similar situation of work with less variables such as work type and other conditions other than the weather, but due to the limitation of the projects the sites were not executing similar projects, thus the data cannot be said to be 100% precise. Although we have put in our best efforts to counter this by selecting similar activities of execution. Furthermore due to the limitation of availability of data the results achieved cannot be said to depict the conditions prevailing all through India as more work is awaited on this topic in India. CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW To study the work previously done research in this area we studied numerous papers published on Productivity from various journals across the globe. Though it was out observation that the research work was more or less biased to the productivity concerns due to increasing temperature, and less about the colder conditions. India being a tropical country experiences both extremes of the climate through the year, thus we review work done in colder regions too, a few of our findings are as follows. Tord Kjellstrom, PhD; R. Sari Kovats, MSc; Simon J. Lloyd, MSc; Tom Holt, PhD; Richard S. J. Tol, PhD studied the changing pattern of temperatures across the globe, which will ultimately lead to a global climate change and an increase in heat load and will degrade the productivity of workers in the coming future. It was a region-based study where they established a relationship between the rise in temperature and loss of productivity as a percentage drop. The study was localized for a much accurate assumption, overall there was a loss in productivity with the increase in temperature. Meglan, Meglan Company Ltd. outlined in their publication Construction Claim Topics the loss of productivity due to effects of weather the reasons for loss. They subdivided their study into three subcategories Low temperature and Wind chill, high temperature and humidity Wind only effects. They stated that the loss of productivity occurs In all three conditions due to different factors in each conditions. They stated that a drop of as much as 50 % can be observed in extreme situations. They established a fact that humidity also played a detrimental role in the loss as at the same temperatures the change in productivity was evident with the change in humidity levels at the site. Adham Shahin, Simaan AbouRizk, Yasser Mohamed and Siri Fernando developed a simulation based framework for quantifying the cold weather region impacts on construction scedules, the framework composed of components that help in understanding and simulating construction projects. The basic aim of this framework is to enable the researcher to quantify the impact of weather alterations on project schedule. The process involves the creation of a basic discreet simulation model to simulate the activities on site. An article published in THE Monitor | Climate stated the economic impact of the increasing temperature uncertainty across the globe, they forecasted the future developments for the year 2030 where the prediction is of 450 hotspots from the 55 existent today. In 2030 the expected loss is 413 billion USD. In their country level impact analysis they have plotted a country wise loss index in which India comes under the Acute category forecasting a loss of 450,000 million US $ additional economic cost in 2030 only due to increase in temperature of working environments of labourers. They suggest adaptation to the new environment is the most cost effective measure, which can be taken against this. Yildirim, Kemal.à ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ª Koyuncu, Cuneyt. Koyuncu, Julide. In their paper does temperature affect labor productivity: cross- country evidence published in the journal Applied Econometrics and International Development. They established a relation between temperature and labour productivity and plotted a graph to depict it. The study done over 111 over a period of several years’ states that increase in temperature has a negative effect on labour productivity. Pieter Diedericksà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨ Senior Project Director, Oil Sands Projects, Petro-Canada, Canada in his study OPTIMIZING WINTER CONSTRUCTION studied the effects of cold weather on construction industry. He used temperatures below 200 F as the basis of cold temperature. He stated that an average loss of labour productivity due to cold temperature is almost 50%. Thomas suggested the use of annual cycles to schedule activities most affected by weather. He suggested remedial measures as use of wind protective armour and setup of machinery when the conditions are adverse instead of physical labour-intensive work. Karin Lundgren1*, Kalev Kuklane1, Chuansi Gao1 and Ingvar Holmà ©r1 presented a paper on Effects of Heat Stress on Working Populations when Facing Climate Change, Their study relates o heat stress on workers and how it negatively impacts the productivity overall. They suggested the ideal temperature for physical work as 370C, any more beyond these results in physiological effects in the human body reducing its capacity to perform productively. CHAPTER 3: LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY THEORY WHAT IS LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY Labour productivity as defined as the amount of output received by the number of man hours or man days input by the worker. Labour productivity optimization is needed to get the optimum output from a projects workforce, thus is also termed as workforce productivity. In the construction industry which is predominantly labour intensive this factor plays a determinable role in deciding the fate of the project itself. And in a country like India where there is cheap and efficient labour available, if used properly the production costs can be brought down drastically, be it of any industry in this scenario. Labour productivity can be measured in number of ways depending on each industry but the thumb rule for calculation of labour productivity is Labour productivity = volume measure of output / measure of input use WHY MEASURE LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY? In the construction industry most of the contractors take careful note of variation in local and regional weather patterns, the norms andtrends, and based on these they schedule their construction projects. Well planned construction schedules are prepared to take advantage of favorableseasonal, local, or regional weather patterns and avoid the unfavorable ones. Thus, when a Project doesn’t start on time, or it gets delayed during the time of execution weather may become an all important factor in the overall delay, reducing planned productivity and efficiency. Most of the construction contracts allow excusable delay and time extensions at the time of abnormal or unusual weather conditions. When this kind of delay is encountered it incursenormous losses in the number of extra man hours spent, and further delays of the project and work. Hot weather and cold weather create efficiency and productivity losses which can be explained separately as follows: Cold Weather Workers productivity drops with the fall in temperature. The productivity of the manual labours drops gradually during extreme temperature conditions. This productivity losses can be best quantified by comparing productivity from cold weather effected work periodsto that measured during normal work periods, thereby determining the difference. It only requires man-hours data and weather data (can be obtained from internet), sorted by date. The man-hours and temperature data are entered into a spreadsheetprogram by date any their productivity is calculated. Hot Weather Just as the productivity decreases in cold weather, same losses also occurs when the temperature rises above twenty nine degree centigrade to thirty four degree centigrade and beyond. The inefficiencies can only be quantified by actual measurement of productivity in hot weather and then comparing with normal weather productivity. TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION LABOUR A construction project is dependent on different levels of work done by the workers. Thus generally the division is among the levels of labourers. Namely Skilled Labor Semi Skilled Labor Unskilled Labor SKILLED LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY Skilled Labours constitute operators, foremen, and machine operator’s i.e the labourers with give a higher output of work per hour of input. The skilled labourers usually are head labourers for a gang, operators for special equipment and are highest paid in the lot. SEMI SKILLED LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY Semiskilled labours are mediocre paid workers with somewhat lesser skills as compared to skilled ones, their productivity outputs are higher per hour though compared to unskilled labourers. Carpenters, Masons, Fixers constitute this list of semi-skilled labours UNSKILLED LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY This is the largest clan of labourers who are good for maximum physical exertion, and it’s their tireless efforts which ultimately proves detrimental in the project being on schedule. Their productivity depends on how efficiently they are managed by their foremen. It is this clan of people we need to optimize for the drastic change in overall timing schedules. DIFFERENT MODELS OF PRODUCTIVITY MEASUREMENT To serve different purposes there are different measures of productivity, one can choose the method which serves their purpose. Thomas et al. defined different models of measures to measure productivity which are as follows: Economic models The department of Commerce, and other governmental agencies use a productivity definition in the following form: Equation (a) Total factor productivity (TFP) =Total output / Labor + Materials + Equipment + Energy + Capital Project-specific models A more accurate definition that can be used by governmental agencies for specific program planning and by the private sector for conceptual estimates on individual projects is: Equation (a) Productivity=Output/ Labour+ Equipment + Materials Equation (b) Productivity = Square feet / rupees Design professionals use productivity data in this form. Activity-oriented models A contractor is more likely to define productivity using a narrowly defined version of(a)and(b), where the units of output are specific for generic kinds of work. Typical units are cubic yards, tons, and square feet. Various related activities, such as formwork, steel reinforcement, and concrete placement, can be combined using the earned-value concept (Thomas and Kramer, 1987, cited in Thomas et al., 1990, p. 706). Productivity is expressed as units of output per Rupee or work-hour. At the project site, contractors are often interested in labor productivity. It can be defined in one of the following ways (Thomas and Mathews, 1985 cited in Thomas et al., 1990, p. 707)[5]: Equation (4) Labour productivity=Output/Labour cost or Equation (5) Labour productivity=Output/Work-hour There is no standard definition of productivity and some contractors use the inverse of Eq.(5): Equation (6) Labour productivity=Labour costs or work-hours / Output Eq.(6)is often called the unit rate. Still other contractors rely on the performance factor as a measure of productivity Equation (7) Performance factor=Estimated unit rate / Actual unit rate FACTORS AFFECTING LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY Identification and evaluation of factors that impact labour productivity has become important to determine the key elements that can be changed to bring about optimization of the entire process of work. Due to the complexity of work involved one factor alone cannot be held responsible for the change rather it is a combination of multiple factors which results in the desired/undesired change in the productivity of an individual or the project as a whole. Some of the key factors are listed as follows. Work Schedule Labour Pool Native Place of the gang Temperature Type of project Project Location Time Allocated for activities Design factors Execution plan factors Material factors Equipment factors Labour factors Health and safety factors Supervision factors Working time factors Project factors Quality factors Financial factors Leadership and coordination factors Organization factors Owner/consultant factors External factors

A Dystopian Future in Brave New World Essay -- Brave New World Essays

Brave New World is a remarkable journey into the future wherein mankind is dehumanized by the progress and misuse of technology to the point where society is a laboratory produced race of beings who are clones devoid of identity only able to worship the three things they have been preconditioned to love:   "Henry Ford, their idol; Soma, a wonder drug; and sex" (Dusterhoof, Guynn, Patterson, Shaw, Wroten and Yuhasz   1).   The misuse of perfected technologies, especially those allowing the manipulation of the human brain and genes, have created a pleasure-seeking world where there is no such thing as spiritual experience, just pleasures of the flesh.   In the face of a transcendent religion, the inhabitants (genetically engineered to exist in one of five classes and condition to believe that the class within which they fall is the best one for them) lose their will to rebel against the capitalistic class-divisions of their society.   Psychological mottoes and rigid class div isions have replaced traditional societal values such as family, religion and freedom.   A wonder drug that removes all psychological pain, the pursuit of carnal pleasures, and the replacement of identity and soul with idol worship of a Henry Ford type savior serve to create a dystopia that is frightening as well as the path already being forged in society when he wrote the work in the early 1930s. Yet when Huxley published the book in 1932, the concepts most frightening in the novel (babies conceived in the laboratory, gene splicing and reproduction, and pharmaceutical wonder drugs to relieve psychic pain) were not realities.   With the successful cloning of farm animals, the development of invitro fertilization, and the rampant prescribing of countless wonder dru... ...ew. Narr. Jenny Sawyer. 60secondRecap, 2010. Web 14 Apr. 2015 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mwCy56slJHw Baker Siepmann, K. (ed.) Benet's Reader's Encyclopedia. (3rd edit.) Harper & Row, N.Y.:   1987. Birnbaum, M.   Aldous Huxley's Quest For Values.   Univ. of Tennessee Press, TENN:   1971. Dusterhoff, A., Guynn, R., Patterson, J., Shaw, L., Wroten, D. and Yuhasz, G.   "Huxley's Brave New World:   A Study Of Dehumanization."   Web 11 Apr. 2015. http://mural.uv.es/madelro/bnwstudyofdehumanization.html Firchow, P. E. The End of Utopia.   Associated Univ. Presses, Inc., N.J.:   1984. Huxley, A.   Brave New World.   Harper & Bros., N.Y.:   1950. Leary, T. and Gullichsen, E.   "Huxley, Hesse And The Cybernetic Society."  Web 24 Apr. 2015. http://downlode.org/Etext/huxley_hesse_cybernetic.html Watts, H. H.   Aldous Huxley.   Twayne Publishers, MASS:   1969.

Key Logistics Activities and Technologies Related to Logistics

Introduction Logistics play a major role in our life. Most of the people might not be aware of the importance of logistics until there are problems appear. Under the pressure of arising competitive environment, most of the business entities are initiated to focus on the development of logistics. Logistics can be said as the transfers of goods and services from the point of origin to the point of consumptions effectively and efficiently in order to meet the requirement of the customers (Logistics World, n. d. ). Logistics include the distributions of raw materials, in-progress inventories, finished goods and other related information.Successful logistics enable the business entities to deliver the goods and services consistently to the correct customers on time. Based on the question given, I do not agree with the statements saying that ‘logistics is nothing more than getting goods from one point to another’. Logistics covered much more aspects and involved a lot other ac tivities other than what the statement above mentioned. There are still many different types of activities in logistics such as customer services, inventory management, material handling and packaging, order processing, procurement and et cetera.On the other hand, in order to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of logistics management, a variety of solutions and technology advancements had been introduced to the business market. The literature below will review the other activities and the technologies improvement for logistics (Stock & Lambert, 2000). Key logistics activities One of the activities involved in logistics is the customer service. Stock & Lambert (2000) stated customer service is â€Å"a customer oriented philosophy that integrates and manages all elements of the customer interface within a predetermined optimum cost-service mix† (p. 4). To design a logistics system, companies should always start with setting a strong and clear customer service objective. W ithout having a common objective for everyone in the company, decisions about order strategies, production, transportation, inventory investment, and warehousing will not be consistent and effective. Customer service objective acts as guidelines for the logistics managers in setting up targets of their performance as well as making decisions when they encounter problems in the future.Logistics play an important role in ensuring high customer satisfaction. Getting the right product to the customers under the right condition, at the right place and the right time, as well as with the right cost are the main criteria for achieving a high customer satisfaction (Stock & Lambert, 2000). For example, Kraft Foods Incorporate make sure their customers get the right products they ordered at the right time and right place regardless of whether the customers are at the hypermarket in France or a cafe in Sweden (Kraft Foods, n. . ). Other that the five rights, excellent customer services also ne ed to make sure the order and return processes are convenient to customers. The company needs to provide accurate and consistent information to customer by selling the products and services that are worth for the price. Lastly, they need to deliver the products and services on time. By providing the best customer service and fulfilling all the five ‘right’ criteria, company will be able create higher customer satisfaction and therefore gaining competitive advantage.When customers are satisfied with the products and services provided by company, they will most likely become the loyal customers and support the products and services from the company in long term scenario (Stock & Lambert, 2000). Besides that, Banning & Gibson indicate loyal customers can act as one of the advertising medium by conveying positive messages and comments to their friends and family (Banning & Gibson, n. d. ). In that way, the market share and profitability of the company will increase and at t he same time the total costs of logistics also will reduce.Other than that, inventory management is also one of the activities under logistics. In the industries now, most of the company will hold inventory to achieve economies of scale. Company usually purchase and transport all inventory at once to reduce their cost. This is because purchase in a huge amount will reduce the cost of per-unit price while having a full truckload shipment will reduce the cost of per-unit transportation. Then, company will also choose to have a greater plant capacity so that the per-unit manufacturing cost will be lower.However, holding inventory contributed a significant amount of expenses to the companies due to high storage costs, capital cost, service cost, risk cost, and some of the product can be obsolescence in short time. Therefore, the company might try to minimize the expenses by reducing the amount of inventory without interrupting the flow of the products to the customers. Since there is co nflict between economies of scale with handling and warehousing costs, companies need to find a suitable way to balance of these two criteria.For instances, company can use Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) to determine the best amount of inventory to order (Stock & Lambert, 2000). The objective of every inventory planner is controlling the inventory they hold to meet the exact amount of customers’ demand. This is because either excess or shortage of inventory will bring up significant costs to the business affecting the operation and opportunities of the business (Management Study Guide, n. d. ). In addition to that, raw materials and parts, work-in-process, and finished goods inventories are required to be considered.These inventories require sufficient physical space, capital, and personnel time to maintain and pile up. A successful inventory management will determine the amount of inventory necessitate to meet the demand of customers and at the same time consider the costs ne eded to put in the logistic activities. Besides that, excellent inventory management can increase the cash flow and return on investment. Nowadays, many companies start paying more attention to inventory control especially on the products that can become obsolete in short time, such as high-tech merchandise, automobiles, and seasonal goods (Stock & Lambert, 2000).For example, in April 2005, Mazda Motor Corporation comes out with its Mazda Materials Management Planning (M3P) which is an inventory control system. The system of M3P improved inventory levels, enhanced the speed of supply, and ensure the Mazda’s retail and service operations are smooth all the time. Other than that, M3P also brings benefits to customer such as providing better customer service and shorten the length of responding time (Mazda, 2005). Furthermore, logistics need to take care of the material handling and packaging in the company.Material handling takes part in managing the flow of raw materials, in-p rocess inventory, and finished goods inside a warehouse. The costs of firm will increase for each and every item handled. Since handling the item will not increase the value of a product but incur more costs to the company, company should always try to reduce the number of material handling wherever possible by decreasing the inventory. Then, materials handling design the plan to reduce distance travelled of the materials and minimize the work-in-process of the materials.Other than that, material handling makes sure the materials can flow through the process consistently without having troubles. Lastly, material handling will find ways to decrease the possibility of getting losses from breakage, waste and spoilage (Stock & Lambert, 2000). On the other hand, packaging is the process of getting the container and wrapper to hold the products (Reference for Business, n. d. ). In logistics aspect, packaging of the products can act as a barrier to prevent the products from getting damaged during transportation of the products or storing the products.Furthermore, product with appropriate packaging is easier to be move or store. However, packaging will add up space and weights subsequently incur more cost. Thus, many people in this area always spend time in thinking ways to reduce to space and weight of the products after packaging (Stock & Lambert, 2000). A successful packaging strategy can help a firm to strengthen its competitive advantages such as optimizes service, cost, and become more convenient (Learn Marketing, n. d. ). When a product go international, the packaging will becomes more important to a company.The products are required to travel more distances and need more physically handling if compare to domestic packaging (Stock & Lambert, 2000). Additionally, order processing is taken to account when discussing about the activities of logistics. Order processing is the  process or work flow that starts with the receipt order from customer, followed by veri fying the order status and communicate about the order with customer, while lastly making order and ensure the availability of the products to satisfy customer’s needs (Jetef, n. d. ). Order processing can divide into three groups.The first group is the operational elements, including order shipping, setting preparation, order entry, scheduling, and invoicing. Next group is the communication elements, for example, order status inquiries, order modification, error correction, tracing and expediting, and product information requests. The last group of order processing is the credit and collection elements, such as accounts receivable processing and credit checking. The quality and speed of the information flow provided by company during the order processing to their customers can affect the cost and the efficiency of the entire operation.If the information flows are slow and erratic, the company will not only suffer from decreasing in customer, but also increasing transportatio n, inventory, and warehousing costs. The faster and more accurate the service the company can provide, the greater the customers satisfaction obtained by the company. Information system today can help in order processing by making the time of order processing to become shorter between order placement and product shipment. For example, customers’ order can be placed and sent to the company’s computer directly by using electronic data interchange (EDI).Decision support system (DSS), quick response (QR), efficient consumer response (ECR) and et cetera are other information system that can help the company to improve order processing and achieve customer service goals at competitive cost. Information system not only helps company to improve its speed, quality, and accuracy of order processing, but also help company to save some logistics expenses like transportation and inventory while boosting up the sales (Stock & Lambert, 2000). Finally, the last activity of logistics t hat this literature will discuss is procurement.Procurement is the effective purchasing of goods and services to make sure the manufacturing and logistics processes of the firm are run in effectiveness. In order for the company to ensure them to obtain the supplies that can meet their requirement in terms of time, location, quality and quantity, the company is required to procure suitable goods and services (Procurement, n. d. ). The procurement function includes supplier selection, determination of the form of material to acquire, purchasing time, pricing and quality control.According to WiseGEEK, while â€Å"procurement logistics are the processes used in the delivery, receipt, movement and storage of materials purchased for a business or organization†. The goals of procurement are to minimize the costs at the same time increase the service provided (WiseGEEK, n. d. ). In the purchasing process, the most important task is to choose the best supplier from all the potential v endors. The purchasing process is complicated. Decision makers and decision influencers from decision making unit (DMU) need to go through twelve steps of buying process when purchasing items from supplier.If company is doing routine buying, then some of the steps can be skipped (Stock & Lambert, 2000). When making purchasing decision, DMU also need to consider the number of orders, lead time requirements, delivery expectations, product reliability, drop-off locations and others. All of the final price of products should be including transportation and storage cost. Company can usually try to minimize these hidden costs by requesting just-in-time delivery from supplier (WiseGEEK, n. d. ). In short, paying enough attention o the management of purchasing cost as well as the evaluation of purchasing performance can lead to increasing profitability of a company (Stock & Lambert, 2000). Technologies related to logistics Due to an increase in attention paid on the logistics, experts start ed to develop more and more ways to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of logistics through acquiring the technologies. One of the most significant improvements made by technology is the Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) (Stock & Lambert, 2000).EDI is the exchange of business messages and information through computers of the trading partners via communication cables with standard protocols and standard data formats (EasyLink Services, n. d. ). For example, EDI can be used when there are purchase orders. Organizations are able to make a purchase order with their suppliers through computers. EDI is more convenient for the organizations as the usage of internet are more and more common (Stock & Lambert, 2000). According to GXS, there are a few advantages of using EDI in logistics.EDI will transform most of the paper works into electronic base. Many of the procedures can be done automatically and quickly through the advancement of technologies. Therefore, the time taken to complet e the process will be reduces significantly. It promotes the efficiency of the organizations which leads to the increase of productivity. Besides, EDI replaced human to key in the data of the organizations routinely. When there are less human works, the probability of getting error in data entry will be reduced drastically or even eradicated.Furthermore, the data transferred among the computers are using the standard and same formats. This ensures that the data transferred to the receivers will be analyzed accurately and correctly. Thus, the communication error between the sender and receiver is diminished. The diminished in error will subsequently raise the efficiency of the organizations as well since there are less likely for the organizations to repeat the procedures and make corrections on the mistakes (GXS, n. d. ).In addition to that, EDI can also increase the accuracy of inventory and reduce the cycle time and thus reduce the cost of inventory. In such, EDI increases the pro ductivity while reducing the costs as well. With the development of the internet, EDI is free if it flows through the internet instead of VAN. Many major companies such as NASA Goddard, UNISYS and AVEX Electronics are now using EDI supported by the internet (Stock & Lambert, 2000). Bar coding is another technology advancement that contributes to the improvement of logistics.Bar coding are commonly use in our daily life such as the products in supermarket. Bar codes are a row of parallel bars distanced with a number of gaps with different width. They able to convey different messages in the form of letters, numbers and special characters based on the array of gaps between the bars. A beam of light is used to interpret the information of the bar codes and sent it to the computers. These codes are used mainly on tracking and security purposes. They are important in decreasing the probability of errors compare to key in the information manually.Statistics showed that the bar codes error rate is one out of hundred thousand while the error rate of manually key in data is one out of thirty. It had clearly showed that the error rate had been improved significantly (Stock & Lambert, 2000). In relation to the bar codes, as said by Lyne, Quick Respond (QR) codes from Japan are also introduced to the society. QR codes is a two dimensional barcodes that normally stored with specific links contained with extra information. QR codes are named because it can be scanned quickly even with the smart phones that installed with QR codes reader.It is convenient for the consumers to obtain certain information about the products since it does not required a specific code reader device just like that bar code reader. Furthermore, QR codes able to store more variety of information instead of letters, numbers and special characters only such as url links and geo coordinates. QR codes are enable the customer to know about the product details, contact details, coupons or event a link to Y ouTube video for further information (Lyne, 2009).For instance, the product code, manufacturing history, expiration date and other data can be encoded in the QR codes. Coca-cola had used this feature in their logistics management at Chukyo. They are able to check for the quality and track the products easily using QR codes (Sundaramurthy, n. d. ). Management Information System (MIS) is also one of the technologies used to improve logistics. A successful MIS is able to provide sufficient and relevant information for the managers in order to make an effective decision.There are five areas that MIS need to fulfil which are the timing, accuracy, relevance, completeness and consistency (Office of the Comptroller of Currency, 1995). MIS should be able to provide the latest and current information using the shortest time. The information collected should be checked buy auditors as well as ensuring the information is useful. Unwanted information need to be filtered and the relevant informat ion need to be summarize completely. Lastly, the method in processing and compiling the information need to be consistent so that the manager will not misunderstand the information.MIS is important in logistics for collecting, analyzing and interpreting the information from various aspects such as the suppliers, resources, transportation and so on. MIS can make sure there is no interruption n the supply chain. A well managed MIS allowed the organizations to control every detail in different region in a faster time (Stock & Lambert, 2000). In real example, World Health Organization need to have an uninterrupted supply of drugs through the supply chain to ensure the increasing number of HIV/AIDS patients are able to get their treatment (World Health Organization, n. d. ).

Advanced Organizer 7 Chapter 7 Learners with Attention Deficit Hyperac

Advanced Organizer 7 Chapter 7 Learners with Attention Deficit Hyperac Advanced Organizer 7 - Chapter 7: Learners with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Directions: As you review this weeks assigned readings, please complete the Advance Organizer to focus on key points. Submit in the Assignment tab in Blackboard. Before I read, here are my thoughts: What do I already know about learners with ADHD in a few words (you can list terms or share a few experiences youve had)?I know it can be hard for the child to focus and stay attentive. What questions do I have?What are some good techniques to use to regain the childs attention? Rating my knowledge: Please rate your knowledge before you read using this scale: 1.I dont feel like I know anything about this topic. 2.Ive heard some of the terms, but couldnt tell you what they mean 3.I feel fairly comfortable with the key concepts, but want to know more. 4.I know all about this, and could teach this section.2 As I read, here are my thoughts about the topics in this chapter (summarize what youve learned be sure to focus your writing on how you can support students with disabilities in the classroom: Main TopicKey Points Minimal brain injuryA label applied to students of normal intelligence, who were inattentive, impulsive, and/or hyperactive. Hyperactive child syndromeWas descriptive of behavior and didnt rely on vague and unreliable diagnosis of subtle brain damage. NeurotransmittersAre chemicals that help in sending messages between neurons in the brain. Executive functionsDescribes the number of processes involved in controlling and regulating behavior. Behavioral inhibitionInvolves the ability to delay a response, interrupt an ongoing response or protect a response from distracting or competing with stimuli. Adaptive behavior skillsAssociated with retardation and intellectual disabilities. Defined as impairments in intelligence and adaptive behavior. Functional behavioral assessment (FBA)Involves determining the consequences, antecedents and setting events that maintain inappropriate behaviors. Contingency-based self-managementInvolves having people keep track of their own behavior and then receive consequences, usually in the form of rewards, based on their behaviors. PsychostimulantsStimulate or activate neurological functioning, mostly prescribed for ADHD. Paradoxical effect of RitalinRitalin influences the transmitters Dopamine and norepinephrine, thus enabling the brains executive functions to operate more normally. Momentary time samplingAllows the teacher to conduct brief observations and collect data on a specific set of behaviors. CoachingInvolves identifying someone on whom the person with ADHD can rely on for support. Conduct disorderDid not see a section on Conduct Disorder in the book After I read, here are my thoughts: Summarize what youve learned about students with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.They can be treated with medicine by it is more preferred to have interventions in place before putting the child on a medicine. Reflect on what you learned from Table 7.2 in the book.Shows a minute by minute assessment of a students attention to the task over a 15 minute period. What questions do I still have?None Other information Id like to include/remember from this chapters readingNone

Saint Marys College in California Admissions Facts

Saint Mary's College in California Admissions Facts ​Saint Marys College in Moraga, California accepts most applicants each year, with a high acceptance rate of 80  percent, although applicants tend to have strong academic records. Students interested in applying to the school will need to submit an application (the school accepts the Common Application; more on that below), high school transcripts, a letter of recommendation, SAT or ACT scores, and a personal essay. Check out Saint Marys website for more information on how to apply. Admissions Data (2016) Saint Marys College of California Acceptance Rate: 80  percentTest Scores: 25th / 75th PercentileSAT Critical Reading: 480  / 590SAT Math: 470  / 590SAT Writing: - / -What these SAT numbers meanSAT score comparison for California collegesACT Composite: 22 / 28ACT English: 22  / 28ACT Math: 20  / 27What these ACT numbers meanACT score comparison for California colleges Saint Marys College Description Saint Marys College of California is a Catholic, Lasallian, liberal arts college located in Moraga, California, about 20 miles east of San Francisco. The college has an 11 to 1  student/faculty ratio  and an average class size of 20. Students can choose from 38 majors, and among undergraduates, business is the most popular program. Specifically, the most popular majors are Accounting, Business Administration, Communication Studies, Drama, English, Liberal Studies, Psychology. One of the defining features of the Saint Marys curriculum is the Collegiate Seminar, a series of four courses that focus on the major works of Western civilization. All students, including those in pre-professional fields, take these seminars- two in the first year, and two more before graduation. In athletics, the Saint Marys Gaels compete in the NCAA Division I  West Coast Conference. Enrollment (2016) Total Enrollment: 3,908  (2,802 undergraduates)Gender Breakdown: 40 percent male / 60 percent female93  percent full-time Costs (2016-17) Tuition and Fees: $44,360Books: $1,107 (why so much?)Room and Board: $14,880Other Expenses: $2,700Total Cost: $63,047 Saint Marys College Financial Aid (2015 -16) Percentage of New Students Receiving Aid: 96  percentPercentage of New Students Receiving Types of AidGrants: 95 percentLoans: 61 percentAverage Amount of AidGrants: $25,400Loans: $8,018 Graduation and Retention Rates: First Year Student Retention (full-time students): 86  percent4-Year Graduation Rate: 60  percent6-Year Graduation Rate: 73  percent Intercollegiate Athletic Programs: Mens Sports:  Basketball, Golf, Cross Country, Soccer, Tennis, Track and Field, BaseballWomens Sports:  Lacrosse, Rowing, Softball, Soccer, Tennis, Basketball, Volleyball, Cross Country If You Like Saint Marys College, You May Also Like These Schools: San Jose State University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphUniversity of San Diego: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphPepperdine University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphCal Poly: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphUniversity of California - Irvine: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphStanford University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphUniversity of California - Santa Cruz: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphLoyola Marymount University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphSanta Clara University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphUniversity of San Francisco: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphSan Diego State University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT Graph Saint Marys and the Common Application Saint Marys College uses the  Common Application. These articles can help guide you: Common Application essay tips and samplesShort answer tips and samplesSupplemental essay tips and samples Data Source: National Center for Educational Statistics

The Ancient World in the News Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Ancient World in the News - Essay Example Magli further speaks of King’s star Regulus which became visible near the sun during those days. Unfortunately, the Regulus phenomenon does not occur nowadays due to earth’s orbit change. Pappas’ article, however, indicate the strong bonds between architecture and astronomy in the ancient world. While the general public would be interested to realize that even the great pyramids of Gaza would have been built precisely in reference with stars, the archeological scholars are already on the way to establish the solar pattern by examining other cities built by Alexander the Great. Hence, it may also lead them to find the king’s tomb which is hidden for more than 2000 years. The Google Earth satellite imagery survey has located two complexes in Egypt. Theses two possible pyramid complexes are almost 90 miles apart, writes Rossella Lorenzi. On closer examination both these formations have similar features of pyramid complexes. Though the images obviously have en ough of pyramidal evidence, it will not be verified unless field research is conducted. However, this piece of news will be interesting to archeological students and enthusiasts because the description it provides has minute details of the formation. The formation is located about 1.5 miles east of Dimai, one of the ancient towns. The sight has three mounds in a specific formation that are identical with formation of Giza Plateau Pyramids. The researcher, further, points out the color of the mounds as the darker appearance of the mound resembles the mud brick walls of Dimai. As per the article, Dimai, which had been founded in third century BC, had reached its heights during the first and second century AD, mainly benefiting from the prominent trade rout it had. The city however was abandoned in the middle of the third century AD. Nonetheless, these are potential pyramid sites, which resemble the 13th Dynasty Egyptian Pyramids, yet to b discovered by the Egyptologists. The discoveri es made at field session conducted by Mary-Ann Pouls Wegner, director of excavation and a professor at the University of Toronto, revealed the secrets at the ‘Terrece of the Great God’, which is a holy place in the ancient Egypt. Abydos was the burial place of the earliest kings of Egypt. The great God of the underworld Osiris was believed to be buried in Abydos. Hence, Egyptians would carry an image of Osiris from the temple constructed in Abydos to his tomb and celebrate it with rituals, writes Owen Jarus. Pouls Wegner talks about the clear evidences discovered during the field examination with regards to the jubilation and fanfare at this procession. The team also discovered a monumental building in which a chamber was filled with mummies of animals. The animals included sheep, goats, a cat and mostly dogs. The next chamber had a wooden statue wearing a headdress of a pharaoh. The extremely thin waist of this wooden statue, somehow, suggested Wegener to examine the l arge stone statues of Hatshepsut, the female Pharaoh of Egypt almost 3500 years ago. Wegener, however, is reluctant to identify the wooden statue with the female Pharaoh. As a matter of fact, the team will continue to explore this dismaying land which probably has many challenges yet to be solved, writes Owen Jarus. Discussing the above news articles proves the fact that most of the answers to the mystical puzzles regarding pyramids are objects of speculations. The prime difficulty in this issue is that Egyptians

What is the connection between fashion and modernityUse examples from Essay

What is the connection between fashion and modernityUse examples from between 1851 and 1939 to support your argument - Essay Example Elizabeth says "Fashion" is a term that crackles up many diverse descriptions, the immense preponderance of which is individual and simplifying. Some of the foundation I comprise here do not yet use the term; Western or eastern frequently choose in place for "costume" or "outfit," and alter their provisos with adjectives such as "cultural," "nationalized," or "customary." Western learning’s of fashion frequently only engage "Haute fashion design," or "soaring fashion," and leave out ordinary working class involvements with clothes; this has started to transfer of late. Over the precedent decade, a lot of feminist theorists have happened to be appearing at womens day-by-day relations with fashion and physical decoration. I support my own examinations with this most current drift in fashion; I describe fashion as a customer action occupied in by any human being who shops for, obtain, and wears outfits. Certainly, there is variety in terminologies and thoughtfulness of fashion co mmotion; and community of changeable racial, class, national, and religious surroundings unquestionably illustrate diverse understandings from their own fashion arrangements. The resources I have accumulated here agree with fashion utilization in a multiplicity of contexts, even though the field is positively conquered by Western world. It is as well significant to remind that most of my own study benefits are centered around modernism as it is created through clothing, technique, and fashion; consequently, much of the substance move towards fashion from a modern and feminist viewpoint. Modernity is a word used to explain the situation of being "Modern". Since the word itself "Modern" is used to explain a broad range of eras, modernity must be taken in background (Lehmann, 2000, Pg 141-142). Modern can signify all of post-medieval European olden times, in the environment of seperating

The financial impact upon Menzies Hotel Dissertation

The financial impact upon Menzies Hotel - Dissertation Example Financial Ratios 36 Financial Impact of the Takeover 38 Chapter 6: Conclusions and recommendations 42 Bibliography 45 Appendices 51 Appendix A. Ten people crimes and Organisational result 52 Appendix B. Key Issues to Address in Post-Merger Integration 53 Appendix C. Trompenaars' Theories on culture 54 Appendix D. Survey Questionnaire 55 Tables 57 Table 1.1. Financial Ratios of Menzies Hotels PLC as of January 2005 58 Table 1.2. Financial Highlights Queens Moat Hotels Ltd. as of December 2004 59 Table 2. Criteria on Interviewee Selection 60 Table 3. Summary of responses to Interviews 61 Table 4. Summary of Secondary Data on Relevant Theories 63 List of terms Acquisition: When one business takes control of another, this is known as an acquisition. Investment banks and other financial institutions often have mergers and acquisitions (M & A) departments, to provide financial and other forms of support for these activities. Some acquisitions, like Daimler Benz's of Chrysler in 1998, are disguised as a merger for political reasons. Due Diligence: An internal analysis by a lender, such as a bank, of existing debts owed by a borrower in order to identify or re-evaluate the risk; an independent analysis of the current financial state and future prospects of a company in anticipation of a major investment of venture capital or a stock-exchange flotation; a Venture Capitalist firm's examination by its lawyers and auditors of the records, accounts and any legal documents of an existing business. Four-Star hotel: Stars are used to give the traveller an indication of the very least they can expect from the hotel. A four-star hotel is fully en-suite, with a Restaurant for cooked breakfast and dinner, often smallish with 50-80 bedrooms and friendlier places to... This discussion talks that people-related risks and liabilities have a substantial effect on the acquisition value - and the price. These need to be discovered with due diligence before the deal is closed. Suggests using a 360-degree due diligence to give the buyer a complete look at value and risk.Examined benefits accruing to target shareholders in the five-year period after the combination and recommend getting paid in cash, favor investing in acquirers that use tender offers, and that stock payments be used if overpriced. Target shareholders who receive cash must buy acquirer stock. Shows three ways to determine the value of something through financial valuation: an income approach, a cost approach, or a market approach. Companies that pay attention to revenues and delivering on total return to shareholders instead of focusing exclusively on cost cutting are more successful at acquisitions. Problems with receivables can eat into the cash flow - and future revenues - of a newly fo rmed company. Buyer must ensure all supporting documentation on receivables sent as fast as possible to the new company's consolidated credit group. Should pooling of interests accounting be allowed In essence, when two firms combine, there are two methods that can be used to account for the combined value of the firm? They are the purchase method and the pooling of interests method. In most cases, they yield radically different outcomes - with pooling resulting in a much better-looking income statement for years to come.

John Edwards Essay Example for Free

John Edwards Essay On the eve of Super Tuesday, there is one notable figure that is absent on the Democratic Ticket: John Edwards. To the dismay of some and to the delight of others, John Edwards recently dropped out of the Presidential Race. Edwards also ran in 2004 and was placed on the ticket with John Kerry who together, was narrowly beaten by George Bush and Dick Cheney that year. John Edwards did, during his run, attract a wide array of people who, never before, were interested in politics. There are many who believe that politicians who will only say what they believe will get them elected. John Edwards has been one of the few candidates who says what he believes and when he feels that he was on the wrong side of history, is quick to apologize for that vote. Some pundits would call that pandering but those who know John Edwards and those who have voted for him in the past and were planning on doing it again in the future, know the reality of the situation to be otherwise. It would then behoove those who find the democratic process in America fascinating and an example of the greatest example of representative democracy in the world, to explore one of the most successful candidates in modern American political history, who never became president but who had the voice of millions of Americans. John Edwards was born on June 10, 1953 in South Carolina. Upon entering college at Clemson University, Edwards was the first in his family to enroll in college. Edwards made the most of his time in college where he graduated with high honors and left Clemson with a degree in textile technology. It was also at this time where Edwards met and married Elizabeth Anania and together, had four children. Edwards has always had a close bond with his family and through his wife, Elizabeth, has found the strength to begin a life as a politician. Elizabeth Edwards, upon revealing that her cancer has come back and is indeed terminal, has become an inspiration to millions who admire her courage and/or have cancer themselves or have been affected by the deadly disease. They have not kept their struggle private but have instead voiced their experiences with the rest of the country. Focusing on Edwards’ career in the public forum: It first began in 1978 when Edwards became a lawyer at the law office of Dearborn Ewing. It soon became obvious that Edwards had a real talent for the law profession and soon was winning some of the highest settlements for his clients in North Carolina History which totaled more than $70 million. The most notable case occurred in 1997 when Edwards took the case of a family whose young daughter had been disemboweled by a pool company who failed, after being warned of the dangers, of placing protective covers on the highly powerful suctions which are used to keep the pool water clean. The family was awarded a $25 million settlement. (Pear, 2008 pg. 18) Edwards, the family said, was selected to be their lawyer, because he had accepted less than the standard 33% legal fee of the judgment if the family lost the case or the settlement was small. The case served as a stepping stone for Edwards as it eventually prompted him to seek political office. Edwards won election to the U. S. Senate in 1998 as a Democrat in a state that was once known as a strong hold for the Republican Party. Edwards helped to break that mold and would remain a senator from 1998 until 2005 when he would eventually vacate his seat to seek the presidential nomination from his party. During his time in the Senate, Edwards sponsored 203 bills. (Krugman, 2008 pg. 6) It was here that Edwards’ voting record was established and his beliefs on some of the most pressing and important issues of the day, were set in motion. Due to the fact that John Edwards dropped out of the race before â€Å"Super Tuesday† he does not have campaign headquarters in Illinois. The main site of his campaign headquarters was in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. During his campaign, his main form of advertisement was divided between radio ads, television ads and on the internet. With regard to the Internet, ads were placed on his own personal website: www. johnedwards. com, online ads could also be found on websites such as www. myspace. com and www. youtube. com as well as with what has become known as â€Å"blogs† or online editorials from both his staff, supporters and those within the general community who supported John Edwards and believed that he would be the best choice for the country’s next president. All of the above mentioned were concentrated on the mediums that people that lived in the primary states, were going to see it as it would have been fiscally unwise to advertise in Washington State, when any candidate first needed to have a favorable showing in the Iowa caucus or the New Hampshire primary for example. One of the most important issues facing America today, and which is brought up in every campaign and promises to remain a controversial issue, is the war in Iraq. Edwards, like Hillary Clinton, voted for the Iraq War Resolution, only to reverse their opinions. Edwards stated in October 2002, after 9/11 and before the war in Iraq began: â€Å"Almost no one disagrees with these basic facts: that Saddam Hussein is a tyrant and a menace; that he has weapons of mass destruction and that he is doing everything in his power to get nuclear weapons; that he has supported terrorists; that he is a grave threat to the region, to vital allies like Israel, and to the United States; and that he is thwarting the will of the international community and undermining the United Nations credibility. † (Washington Post, 2008 pg. ) Two years later, Edwards defended his vote by stating: â€Å"I would have voted for the resolution knowing what I know today, because it was the right thing to do to give the president the authority to confront Saddam Hussein I think Saddam Hussein was a very serious threat. I stand by that, and thats why [John Kerry and I] stand behind our vote on the resolution. † (Washington Post, 2008 pg. 2) It has been an issue that he later apologized as he officially changed` his mind on the issue. This has been viewed as weakness and pandering to some but has shown the human side of Edwards and humility. Many voters today are stating that the economy, to them, is the most important issue. This is understandable as many economists believe that a recession is coming, if she is not already here. Edwards advocated the rolling back of President Bush’s tax cuts which the Democrats perceived to be economic measures that are used only to benefit the rich. However, Edwards was in support of the President’s recent stimulus package which involves over $150 billion in rebate checks. The belief being that people will quickly place the money back into the economy which as an s results will help to avoid a further downward spiral of the economy. However, Edwards has differed from the president in the fact that he has called for the stimulus package to include rebates for the unemployed and uninsured; a wider range of individuals and people who, Edwards believes, deserves a larger share of the economic stimulus rebates. In the area of health care, Edwards has advocated that America follow the lead of Europe through the socialization of medicine. Edwards stated: â€Å"One of the reasons that I want to be President of the United States, is to make sure that every woman and every person in America, gets the same kind of things we have. John Edwards was commenting on this in reaction to the news that his wife’s cancer has come back with a redoubled vigor. Others who do not have the same financial abilities as the affluent Edwards family, can expect far inferior treatment. John Edwards seeks to change this. However, Edwards is careful to advocate universal health care and wants to show the difference between universal health care which most Americans want as opposed to socialism, which most people do not want. John Edwards has pledged to raise taxes $200 billion in order to pay for the program. Such sentiments raise a great deal of fear with those who believe in capitalism; the economic and social system that has given so much to America. If the aforementioned scare tactic were true, then one might have a credible reason for their objection. â€Å"There would be free choice of health care providers under a single payer universal health care system, unlike our current managed care system in which people are forced to see providers on the insurer’s panel to obtain medical benefits. Also, in regard to governmental involvement in universal health care, such fears are without merit. Taxes, fees and benefits would be decided by the insurer which would be under the control of a diverse board representing consumers, providers, business and government†¦ ‘The system would be run by a public trust, not the government. † (Krugman, 2008 pg. 3) John Edwards, like most Democrats, were critical of President Bush’s 2002 No Child Left Behind Act from its inception. Edwards agreed that the public school system is in deep trouble but states that NCLB does not go far enough â€Å"They didnt fund the mandates that they put on the schools all over this country. Thats one of the reasons 800 teachers have been laid off in Cleveland. 1/3 of our public schools are failing under the Bush administration. Half of African-Americans are dropping out of high school. Half of Hispanic-American is dropping out of high school. We have a clear plan to improve our public schools that starts with getting our best teachers into the schools where we need them the most by creating incentives for them to go there. † (Washington Post, 2008 pg. 7) Increased funding and a greater concentration on the reasons why students are failing instead of relying mostly on tests. That has been the emphasis of John Edwards’ view on education. John Edwards voted for the Patriot Act and had been rather hawkish at first, in Democratic terms, about the defense of the nation in this post 9/11 world. Edwards has been instrumental in the passage of The Biological and Chemical Weapons Preparedness Act. The bill, introduced by John Edwards with Chuck Hagel (`R-NE`), establishes a coordinated national plan for responding to biological and chemical weapons attacks and directs states to develop plans for dealing with such attacks. Edwards has also been hailed as a friend of the environment who has pushed for a greater government role in pursuing the reduction of emissions from some of the country’s biggest factories. The League of Conversation Voters has stated about Edwards: An excellent choice that sends a clear message about the need for change and renewed optimism in our nations leadership for conservation, public health, and other issues important to the American people, Yet another strong environmental leader [on] the Democratic presidential ticket, (Griscom, 2008 www. rist. org) This stance has helped Edwards to gain support from a wide array of the political spectrum and has resembled the Democratic Party’s renewed interest in the environment. During the 2008 Presidential Campaign, the Edwards camp raised more than $34 million and has spent $36 on campaigning, ads in Iowa and New Hampshire. He has ranked third behind Hillary Clinton and Barack Obama in campaigning finance and has ranked t hird in the polls as well. Unfortunately, there has been for some time in American politics, a direct correlation between the amount of money raised and the votes that a particular candidate, whether Republican or Democrat can acquire. This has been the case for John Edwards who for the time being, has dropped out of the 2008 Presidential Campaign but who could emerge as a Vice Presidential Candidate as he did in 2004.

Health Aspects Of Cocoa Essay -- essays research papers

Thesis: The development and distribution of cocoa has had a positive effect on today's society because of it's active role in daily health.I. History of CocoaA. Kakahutal Mayan and Aztec CultureB. Introduction to EuropeC. Cocoa PressII. Mental and Physical HealthA. MigrainesB. Cholesterol1. Stearic Acid2. Oleic Acid3. FlavonoidsC. Premenstrual SyndromeD. Kidney StonesE. Chemical Craving Theories1. Theobromine2. Phenylithylamine3. EndorphinsChocolate, one America's top industry's. We produce more chocolate and chocolate products than any other country, over 2.9 billion pounds a year. There has been much controversy about the lack of nutritional value of in it's contents, yet new studies have shown that cocoa, used to make chocolate, can be good for you. The development and distribution of cocoa has had a positive effect on today's society because of it's active role in daily health.Cocoa was last dated back to the Mayan and Aztec cultures in 1502. On Columbus' last voyage he brought a few cocoa beans from the new world to Spain but they were introduced as nothing more than seeds and so they were forgotten. Until 1519 when the Spanish explorer Hernando Cortez landed during his expedition to Mexico he came upon the people known as the Aztecs. While there he dined with many of the rich and powerful people of this society. He reported that these people drink amazing amounts of something they called choclatl (Chocolate! 12). Chocolatl a beverage made from corn meal, chili peppers, vanilla, and kakahutal or cocoa as it's known today. Cortez figured the if an Aztec king liked chocolatl, a Spanish king would too. So he brought some beans to Europe as one of the fabulous treasures from America. The Spanish royalty called their new drink chocolate. They sweetened it with sugar or honey and flavored it with cinnamon. But since the Spanish couldn't get enough beans for themselves, they didn't want to share them with anyone else. They kept the secret so well that, for many years, very few people in Europe knew about chocolate. When the secret finally leaked out, only rich people could afford the luxury. But soon more and more beans were being grown, and better ways of turning them into chocolate were discovered. Chocolate became so popular that cocoa pubs, houses where you can go eat and drink all the chocolate you wished, popped ... ...voided in the case of cocoa products. The development and distribution of cocoa has had a positive effect on today's society because of it's active role in daily health. This has been proven not only through the history of distribution behind cocoa, but also it's physical and mental effects on the human body. It has become a part of our religious society and will always have a special place in our hearts. Works Consulted"Chocolate." New Standard Encyclopedia. 1995 ed."Chocolate!" Ranger Rick 30 Feb. 1996: 12-16."Chocolate's Not a Culprit." Industry Week 247 March 16, 1996: 66."Cocoa." New Standard Encyclopedia. 1995 ed."Columbus." New Standard Encyclopedia. 1995 ed."Cortez." New Standard Encyclopedia. 1995 ed.Friedman, Max. "A Bittersweet Romance." Vegetarian Times 2 (1996): 74-81.Hearts May Safely Flutter Over Valentine's Chocolates. [Online] Available <a href="http://www.geisner.edu">http://www.geisner.edu, April 18, 1998.Jaret, Peter. "Three Cheers For Chocolate." Health 11 (1997): 30-33.Waterhouse, Debra. "Why Women Need Chocolate." Good Housekeeping 220 (1995): 81-88.